Discourse means communication of ideas .information by talking formal treatment of a subject in speech or writing lecture or treatise.

In linguistic, A unit of language longer than a single sentence use of spoken or written language in a social context.

In other words , discourse means verbal expression in speech writing,verbal exchange, lengthy discussion of a subject.
Discourse is a serious discussion about something by groups ,treatise, homily, sermons. It is a conversation and linguistic convention of a group. In addition, it is a verbal interchange of words ,ideas capacity of orderly thought of rationality .A discourse is not free , it is regulated only system of possibility towards knowledge , places to places , person to persons . A discourse is the specified meaning of the peoples institution religion, police , military society , education , family and culture.

A discourse is a mode of communication that determines what is said and how it is said. How a conversation or communication will proceed .




Primary types of discourse

There are four types of primary discourse .such as description ,argument , narration and expository discourse,

Description: communicates what things are like according to the five senses . The way the things , sound ,look , taste ,feel and smell are given in detail .It is good at evoking atmosphere or mood and is helped by the use of metaphors and similes.


Argumentative discourse: the purpose of argumentative discourse is to get the listener or reader to agree with what is being said through evidence and reason . Argument tries to elicit agreement through the use of logic , figures ,facts , illustrative examples and expert testimony . Emotional appeals may also be used . An argument may be persuasive if its purpose is not only to get the reader or listener to agree but also to get them to act on that belief .


Narration: Narration involves telling a series of events usually in order that they happened , narration is essentially storytelling, and is often used in forms such as fairytales. This type of discourse may relate events that are fictional and non fictional.


Exposition: Expository discourse is used to inform. Exposition can be used to compare and contrast , define , analyze and classify show cause and effect or lay out a problem and its solution . This types of discourse usually has a distinct type of organization and structure that is easy to follow.

Discourse analysis

It means, a short description with bibliography and links . It is sometimes defined as the analysis of language . Discourse analysis can be performed on a wide variety of talk and text .

Political discourse analysis: Political discourse analysis is a field of discourse analysis which focuses on discourse in political forums (such as debates, speeches and as the phenomenon of interest) Political discourse is the informal exchange of reasoned views as to which of several alternative courses of action should be taken to solve a societal problem. It is a science that has been used through the history of U.S.A. It is the essence of democracy full of problem and persuasion. Political discourse is used in debates candidacies in our every day life.

Critical discourse analysis: It is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse that views language as a form of social practice and focuses on ways of social and political domination are reproduced in text and talk

Linguistic discourse analysis: the following are some of the specific theoretical perspectives and analytical approaches used in linguistic discourse analysis.
*Emergent grammar
*Text grammar
*Cohesion and relevance theory
*Functional grammar
*Rhetoric
*Stylistics
*Interact ional sociolinguistic
*Ethnography of communication
*Pragmatics particularly speech act theory
*Conversation analysis
*Variation analysis
*Applied linguistic
*Cognitive psychology
*Discursive psychology
*Response based therapy
*Sublanguage analysis
*Genre analysis

Fields of discourse analysis

Discourse analysis has been taken up in a variety of social science discipline, linguistic sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, international relation, communication studies and translation studies. A discourse analyst not only study language use beyond the sentence boundary but also prefers to analyze naturally occurring language use and not invented example.

Significance of discourse

# In language teaching and learning
# To teaching text interpretation
# To teaching vocabulary
# To teaching grammar

Grammar: Realization of grammar items in different languages.

Vocabulary: Discourse analyst maintain that knowledge of vocabulary-connected discourse devices supports language
Learning in diverse manner.

To teaching text interpretation: Teaching text interpretation means act of grasping the meaning that communicative product to convey.