1. CRUDE BIRTH RATE ( CBR ):
Crude Birth Rate is the total number of births to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population for the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 1000.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) = number of live births during time period X 1,000
total population at mid-point of time period
EXAMPLE:
CBR for Bangladesh 2009 = number of Bangladesh live births in 2009 X 1,000
population of Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of Bangladesh live births in 2009 = 250,000
Denominator = population of Bangladesh in 2009 = 14,00,00,000
Constant = 1,000
Time period = 2009
CBR for Bangladesh 2009 = 250,000 X 1,000 = 1.79/ 1,000 population
14,00,00,000

2. CRUDE DEATH RATE ( CDR ):
Crude Death Rate is the total number of deaths to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population for the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 100000.

Crude Death Rate (CDR) =number of deaths during time period X 100,000
total population at mid-point of time period

EXAMPLE:
CDR for Bangladesh in 2009 = number of deaths in Bangladesh in 2009 X 100,000
total population Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of deaths in Bangladesh in 2009 = 20,000
Denominator = total population Bangladesh in 2009 = 14,00,00,000
Constant = 100,000
Time period = 2009
CDR for Bangladesh in 2009 = 20000 X 100,000 = 14.29/ 100,000 population
14,00,00,000
3. Crude Marriage Rate ( CMR ):
The crude marriage rate is the annual number of marriages per 1,000 population. Marriage is defined as "the act, ceremony or process by which the legal relationship of husband and wife is constituted. The legality of the union may be established by civil, religious or other means as recognized by the laws of each country.
The crude marriage rate is the ratio of the number of marriages in a population during a reference period over the person-years lived by the population during the same period. It is expressed as marriages per 1,000 population.
Crude Marriage Rate (CMR) = number of marriages during time period X 1,000
total population at mid-point of time period
EXAMPLE:
CMR for Bangladesh 2009 = number of Bangladesh marriages in 2009 X 1,000
population of Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of Bangladesh marriages in 2009 = 27000
Denominator = population of Bangladesh in 2009 = 14,00,00,000
Constant = 1,000
Time period = 2009
CMR for Bangladesh 2009 = 27000 X 1,000 = 0.19/ 1,000 population
14,00,00,000

4.CRUDE DIVORCE RATE ( CDR ):
The crude divorce rate is the number of divorces per 1,000 population. It can give a general overview of marriage in an area, but it does not take people who cannot marry into account. For example, it would include young children who are clearly not of marriageable age in its sample. The refined divorce rate measures the number of divorces per 1,000 women married to men, and is the better of the three measurement methods
The crude divorce rate is the ratio of the number of divorces in a population during a reference period over the person-years lived by the population during the same period. It is expressed as divorces per 1,000 population.

Crude Divorce Rate (CDR) = number of divorces during time period X 1,000
total population at mid-point of time period

EXAMPLE:
CDR for Bangladesh 2009 = number of Bangladesh Divorces in 2009 X 1,000
population of Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of Bangladesh divorces in 2009 = 22,000
Denominator = population of Bangladesh in 2009 = 14,00,00,000
Constant = 1,000
Time period = 2009
CDR for Bangladesh 2009 = 22000 X 1,000 = 0.16/ 1,000 population
14,00,00,000

5.TOTAL FERTILITY RATE ( TFR ):
Total Fertility Rate is the total number of live births during time period to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population of females age 15-49 mid-point of time period the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 1000.
Total Fertility Rate is the sum of the age-specific birth rates ( 5- year age groups between 10 and 49) for female residents of a specified geographic area ( nation, county etc) during a specified time period ( usually a calendar year ) multiplied by 1000.
Total Fertility Rate = number of live births during time period X 1,000
total population of females age 15-49 at
mid-point of time period
EXAMPLE:
Fertility Rate for Bangladesh in 2009= number of live births in Bangladesh X 1,000
population of females age of Bangladesh 15-49 in 2009
Numerator = number of live births in Bangladesh in 2009 = 12000
Denominator = population of Bangladesh 15-49 in 2009= 500,000
Constant = 1,000
Time period = 2009
Fertility Rate for Bangladesh in 2009 = 12000 X 1,000
500,000
= 24 /1,000 females ages 15-49
6. Age/sex-specific Death Rate:
Age-specific Death Rate is the total number of deaths among persons of a given age/sex group to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population of persons in given age/sex group at mid-point of time period for the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 100000.

number of deaths among persons of a given age/sex group
Age/sex-specific Death Rate= X 100,000
population of persons in given age/sex group at mid-point of time period
EXAMPLE:
Death Rate for ages 45-54 of male = number of deaths among ages 45-54 of male in Bangladesh in 2009 X 100,000
Number of persons ages 45-54 in of male Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of deaths among ages 45-54 of male in Bangladesh in 2009 = 3000
Denominator = number of persons ages 45-54 of male in Bangladesh in 2009= 800000
Constant = 100,000
Time period = 2009
Death Rate for ages 45-54 of male in Bangladesh in 2009 = 3000 X 100,000
800000

= 375/ 100,000 persons ages 45-54 of male Bangladesh in 2009

7. Infant Mortality Rate ( IMR ):
Infant Mortality Rate is the total number of infant deaths during time period to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the number of live births during time period the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 1000.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) = number of infant deaths during time period X 1,000
number of live births during time period
EXAMPLE:
IMR for Bangladesh in 2009 = number infant deaths Bangladesh in 2009 X 1,000
number of live births Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number infant deaths Bangladesh in 2009= 700
Denominator = number of live births Bangladesh in 2009 = 24,000
Constant = 1,000
Time period = 2009
IMR for Bangladesh in 2009 = 100 X 1,000
24000
= 4.17/ 1,000 live births

8.Maternal Mortality Rate ( MMR ):
Maternal Mortality Rate is the total number of maternal deaths during time period to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population of females age 15-49 mid-point of time period the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 100,000.
number of maternal deaths during time period X100,000
Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) =
number of total population of females age 15-49 of time period
EXAMPLE:
number maternal deaths Bangladesh in 2009 X 100,000
MMR for Bangladesh in 2009 =
number of total population of females age 15-49 Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number maternal deaths Bangladesh in 2009= 80

Denominator = number of total population of females age 15-49 Bangladesh in 2009 = 500,000
Constant = 100,000
Time period = 2009
MMR for Bangladesh in 2009 = 80 X 100,000
500,000
= 16/ 100,000 females ages 15-49

9.Cause - specific Death Rate:

Cause - specific Death Rate is the total number of deaths from a specified cause during time period to residents in a specified geographic area ( country, state, county etc) divided by the total population at mid-point of time period for the same geographic area ( for a specified time period, usually a calendar year ) and multiplied by 100,000.

number of deaths from a specified
cause during time period X100,000
Cause - specific Death Rate=
total population at mid-point of time period

EXAMPLE:
number of deaths from heart disease in
Bangladesh in 2009 X 100,000
Heart Disease Death Rate for Bangladesh in 2009=
population of Bangladesh in 2009
Numerator = number of deaths from heart Bangladesh in 2009 = 3,000
Denominator = population of Bangladesh in 2009 = 14,00,00,000
Constant = 100,000
Time period = 2009
Heart Disease Death Rate for Bangladesh in 2009 = 3000 X 100,000
14,00,00,000
= 2.14/100,000 population

10. Age-sex Pyramid:
Age-Sex A population pyramid, also called age-sex pyramid and age structure diagram, is a graphical illustration that shows the distribution of various age groups in a human population(typically that of a country or region of the world), which normally forms the shape of a pyramid.
It typically consists of two back-to-back bar graphs, with the population plotted on the X-axis and age on the Y-axis, one showing the number of males and one showing females in a particular population in five-year age groups (also called cohorts). Males are conventionally shown on the left and females on the right, and they may be measured by raw number or as a percentage of the total population.
Types of population pyramid:
While all countries' population pyramids differ, four types have been identified by the fertility and mortality rates of a country.
a. Stable pyramid: A population pyramid showing an unchanging pattern of fertility and mortality.
b. Stationary pyramid: A population pyramid typical of countries with low fertility and low mortality, also called a constrictive pyramid.
c. Expansive pyramid: A population pyramid showing a broad base, indicating a high proportion of children, a rapid rate of population growth, and a low proportion of older people. This wide base indicates a large number of children. A steady upwards narrowing shows that more people die at each higher age band. This type of pyramid indicates a population in which there is a high birth rate, a high death rate and a short life expectancy. This is the typical pattern for less economically developed countries, due to little access to and incentive to use birth control, negative environmental factors (for example, lack of clean water) and poor access to health care.
d. Constrictive pyramid - A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a graying population which means that people are generally older.
11. Child Ever Born ( CEB ):
Children ever born comprises information on the number of children born alive (Lifetime fertility) and should include all children born alive (that is to say, excluding fetal deaths) during the lifetime of the women concerned up to the census date.
The number recorded should include all live-born children, whether born in or out of marriage, whether born in the present or prior marriage, or in a de facto union, or whether living or dead at the of the census.

12. BIRTH EXPECTANCY (BE):
Birth expectancy or Life expectancy at birth is a hypothetical construct. Say a cohort of children born today will face the same probability of dying at every age throughout their lives as the people of that age today. (So for example, assuming a baby born today reaches age 40, he or she will have the same chance of surviving to age 41 at that point as a person of age 40 has of surviving to age 41 today).
The average number of years a newborn could expect to live, if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-specific death rates of a given period.
How it is calculated:
It is calculated as a weighted average of ages of a cohort of 1000 newborn subjected to different age-specific mortality rates. Data on population sizes for different age groups and the number of deaths in those groups at the middle of the year for which the indicator is required are required. In general, several steps are needed to derive life expectancy from age specific death rates.
Demographers calculate life expectancy at birth by constructing life tables, which use the proportion of persons reaching any given age who survive reach some later age (say, the number of people age 4 who survive the next four years to reach age 8) to indicate the age-specific probability of dying. Starting with a cohort of individuals of any given size, it is possible to calculate how many of should survive to each age, and then to calculate the average age. This is the life expectancy at birth.
The proportion of persons of each age who die is usually taken from national and international census statistics. In very poor countries, vital registration systems (to officially register all births and deaths) are very weak, and many births and deaths go unrecorded. Different reporting agencies use different techniques to correct for this.
The World Bank reports that it makes use of household surveys which inquire about recent births and deaths, and also demographic projections, in order to get a better picture of the mortality structure in a given country.
13. AGE-ADJUSTED DEATH RATE:
Age-Adjusted Death Rate is a death rate that controls for the effects of differences in population age distributions. When comparing across geographic areas, some method of age-adjusting is typically used to control for the influence that different population age distributions might have on health events rates.
How it is calculated:
To apply direct age-adjustment to a set of rates, the age-specific rate for each age group in the study population is multiplied by the appropriate weight n the standard population. The sum of these products is the directly age-adjust, or age-standardized rate. The age-adjusted rate can be considered an average of each of the individual age-specific rates, but rather than being a simple average, it is a weighted average with each age-specific rate weighted by the proportion of people in the same age group in the standard population.
Age-Adjusted Death Rate = Age-specific death rate X100,000
Age-specific population count

14. SEX-RATIO:
Sex ratio is the ratio of males to females in a population. The primary sex ratio is the ratio at the time of conception, secondary sex ratio is the ratio at time of birth, and tertiary sex ratio is the ratio of mature organisms.
The human sex ratio is of particular interest to anthropologists and demographers. In humans the secondary sex ratio is commonly assumed to be 105 boys to 100 girls (which sometimes is shortened to "a ratio of 105"). In human societies, however, sex ratios at birth or among infants may be considerably skewed by sex-selective abortion and infanticide. The CIA estimates that the current world wide sex ratio at birth is 107 boys to 100 girls.
Types of sex ratio:
The sex ratio varies according to the age profile of the population. It is generally divided into four:
i.Primary sex ratio — ratio at fertilization
ii.Secondary sex ratio — ratio at birth
iii.Tertiary sex ratio — ratio in sexually active organisms
iv.Quaternary sex ratio — ratio in post-reproductive organisms
Measuring these is a problem since there are no clear boundaries between them.
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